Tools for Assessing Knowledge of Back Health in Adolescents: A Systematic Review Protocol.

Back pain is common in adolescents as a result of their typical daily activities. There is a critical need for developing instruments that can assess the adolescents' knowledge of proper posture, because adequate postural habits are essential for preventing back pain and facilitating physical well-being. Unfortunately, there is insufficient understanding about appropriate back health in the general public, even though this knowledge is decisive in the development of physical skills and attainment of health literacy. Furthermore, relevant substantive literature is scarce. Therefore, the proposed systematic review aims to identify instruments that are used for assessing knowledge of back health in adolescents. Relevant search terms and descriptors will be combined, and searches will be carried out in a uniform sequence within the PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library databases. Eligible articles must present data on the assessment of the adolescents' knowledge of back health and describe the applied instrumentation. Articles will be selected by two reviewers independently; all disagreements will be resolved by a third reviewer. Mendeley and the Rayyan software will be used for the systematic review, and the checklist proposed by Brink and Louw will be used to verify the methodological quality of the included studies. Our findings may confirm the relevance of constructing and validating back health instruments for use in Brazil and other countries.

Fatores associados à satisfação e distorção da imagem corporal em crianças de 7 a 10 anos de idade / Factors associated with satisfaction and distortion of body image among children from 7 to 10 years of age

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a satisfação e distorção da imagem corporal em crianças de 7 a 10 anos de idade e verificar quais fatores antropométricos e socioeconômicos estão associados a elas. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com 307 crianças de escolas públicas de Goiânia. A saúde da criança e os aspectos socioeconômicos da família foram avaliados por meio de um questionário semiestruturado; a imagem corporal foi avaliada por meio da Escala de Silhuetas Brasileiras Para Crianças; e também foram coletados dados antropométricos de peso, estatura, dobras cutâneas e circunferência da cintura. Observou-se homogeneidade do gênero neste estudo, predomínio de meninos (52%) eutróficos (73%). Apesar de se tratar de uma amostra com peso saudável, a insatisfação e a distorção da imagem corporal prevaleceram sobre a maior parte da amostra: a insatisfação esteve presente em 92% das crianças, prevalecendo o desejo por uma menor silhueta, enquanto a distorção esteve presente em 75% da amostra, com predomínio da subestimação da silhueta. No entanto, este estudo encontrou associação da insatisfação com a imagem corporal apenas com IMC (aferido, atual e desejado) e circunferência da cintura; e associação da distorção da imagem corporal apenas com os IMC (aferido e atual).

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to analyze the satisfaction and distortion of body image in children from 7 to 10 years old and to verify which anthropometric and socioeconomic factors are associated with them. This is a cross-sectional study, carried out with 307 children from public schools in Goiânia. The child's health and the socioeconomic aspects of the family were assessed using a semi-structured questionnaire; body image was assessed using the Brazilian Silhouettes Scale for Children; and anthropometric data on weight, height, skinfolds and waist circumference were also collected. Gender homogeneity was observed in this study, with a predominance of eutrophic(73%) boys (52%). Despite being a sample with a healthy weight, dissatisfaction and distortion of body image prevailed over most of the sample: dissatisfaction was present in 92% of children, the desire for a smaller silhouette prevailing, while distortion was present in 75% of the sample, with a predominance of underestimation of the silhouette. However, this study found dissatisfaction association with body image only with BMI (measured, current and desired) and waist circumference; and association of the distortion of the body image only with the BMI (measured and current).

The postural control of Brazilian children aged 6 to 9 years using a smartphone is similar to their posture with eyes closed / The postural control of Brazilian children aged 6 to 9 years using a smartphone is similar to their posture with eyes closed

INTRODUCTION: Electronic devices have been used by increasingly younger people, leading researchers to investigate the impact of these technologies on the health of developing childrenOBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of smartphone use on the postural control of Brazilian children 6 to 9 years oldMETHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 278 children from public schools in Goiânia (Goiás, Brazil). The children were assessed in an orthostatic posture with the computerized baropodometry system in three conditions: eyes open, eyes closed, and using a free smartphone applicationRESULTS: The children were 8.36 years old on average, 82% of them were well-nourished, and had a daily mean screen time of 2 hours. The postural control analyses revealed that the children made greater postural adjustments with their eyes closed than with them open. When using the smartphone application, the postural adjustments were similar to those with eyes closed. In the stabilometry, the postural displacements made by the children behaved similarly to the static assessment only in total feet surface areaCONCLUSION: Smartphone use and absence of visual stimulus in the orthostatic position caused postural instability in children 6 to 9 years old. These findings can contribute to understanding the impact of technologies on children's development of balance in daily tasks

INTRODUÇÃO: O uso de dispositivos eletrônicos móveis tem alcançado usuários cada vez mais jovens e tem levado pesquisadores a investigar o impacto dessas tecnologias na saúde da criança em desenvolvimentoOBJETIVO: Investigar o impacto do uso do smartphone no controle postural de crianças brasileiras de 6 a 9 anos de idadeMÉTODO: Estudo transversal realizado com 278 crianças de escolas públicas de Goiânia (GO, Brasil). As crianças foram avaliadas na postura ortostática pelo sistema de baropodometria computadorizada em três condições: olhos abertos, olhos fechados e manuseando um aplicativo gratuito para smartphoneRESULTADOS: As crianças tinham idade média de 8,36 anos, sendo 82% de eutróficas e com tempo médio de tela de duas horas diárias. As análises do controle postural revelaram que as crianças apresentaram maiores ajustes posturais com os olhos fechados em comparação com os olhos abertos e ao usar o aplicativo do smartphone o ajuste postural foi semelhante ao encontrado com olhos fechados. Na estabilometria, os deslocamentos posturais realizados pelas crianças se comportaram de modo semelhante à avaliação estática apenas na área total da superfície dos pésCONCLUSÃO: O uso do smartphone e a ausência do estímulo visual na posição ortostática promoveram instabilidade postural nas crianças de 6 a 9 anos de idade. Estes achados podem contribuir para o conhecimento do impacto de tecnologias no desenvolvimento do equilíbrio de crianças em atividades diárias

Intra- and inter-rater reliability in the assessment and classification of the longitudinal plantar arch of children 6 to 10 years of age

Abstract Aims: This study aimed to analyze the intra- and inter-rater reliability in the assessment and classification of the longitudinal plantar arch of children from 6 to 10 years old in the eyes-open (EO) testing condition. Methods: A total of two-hundred and seventy-eight Brazilian children (556 feet), boys and girls, from 6 to 10 years of age participated in the study. The children's feet were examined on a baropodometric platform, and the Staheli index was used for calculating the plantar arch index. Footprint analyses were performed at two different times, with an interval of 7 to 10 days, by three physical therapists in a single testing condition, resulting in 3,336 footprints. To determine the reliability of the continuous measurements, the Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), Standard error of the mean (SEM), absolute value and percentage, and the Minimum Detectable Change (MDC) were calculated. To determine the reliability of the longitudinal arch classification, inter-rater reliability was evaluated by Weighted Fleiss Kappa Coefficient and the test-retest reliability was estimated by Weighted Cohen Kappa Coefficient. Results: Regarding inter-rater reliability, we observed values of ICC ranging from 0.79 to 0.96; thus, the results were classified as substantial to excellent reliability), being the lowest ICC values occur for line B, mainly in the first assessments. SEM ranges from 0.08 to 0.21 (percentage: 3.74 to 28.7), being the best, the lowest SEM values occur for Plantar Arch Index assessments and the MDC varies between 0.22 and 0.59. Regarding intra-rater reliability, the results indicated excellent reliability: values of ICC range from 0.92 to 0.99, being the lowest ICC values also occurs for line B analysis. SEM ranges from 0.03 to 0.20 (percentage: 2.32 to 26.6), being the lowest SEM values occur for Plantar Arch Index assessments and MDC varies between 0.09 and 0.54. Analyzing the inter-rater reliability for the longitudinal arch classifications, we observed values of Weighted Fleiss Kappa Coefficient ranging from 0.83 to 0.87, expressing almost perfect agreement among the raters before and after evaluations. The test-retest reliability of the longitudinal arch classification resulted in values of Weighted Cohen Kappa Coefficient ranging from 0.80 to 0.996, expressing substantial to almost perfect agreement intra-rater. Conclusion: The study showed high reliability in the clinical assessment of the longitudinal plantar arch index of children from 6 to 10 years of age indicating that the Staheli method is applicable to pressure platform assessments with intra- and inter-rate reliability.

CONCURRENT VALIDITY OF THE BRUNET-LÉZINE SCALE WITH THE BAYLEY SCALE FOR ASSESSMENT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRETERM INFANTS UP TO TWO YEARS. / VALIDADE CONCORRENTE DA ESCALA BRUNET-LÉZINE COM A ESCALA BAYLEY PARA AVALIAÇÃO DO DESENVOLVIMENTO DE BEBÊS PRÉ-TERMO ATÉ DOIS ANOS.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the correlation between the areas evaluated by the Brunet-Lézine and the Bayley III scales of preterm infants up to two years. METHODS: The study included 88 children who were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 (1 month to 5 months and 29 days of corrected chronological ages - CCA) with 32 children; Group 2 (6 months to 11 months and 29 days of CCA) with 36 participants; and Group 3 (18 -23 months and 23 days of CCA) with 20 children. The concurrent validity of the Brunet-Lézine scale and the Bayley III scale was calculated using the Pearson correlation or its non-parametric version, the Spearman correlation. RESULTS: Group 1 showed moderate correlation between the developmental quotient for hand-eye and fine motor coordination (DQE), and fine motor score (ρ=0.448; p=0.01). Group 2 had moderate correlation between the developmental quotient for posture and gross motor function (DQP), and the gross motor score (ρ=0.484; p=0.003, between the DQE and fine motor score (r=0.489; p=0.002), and between the developmental quotient for social reactions (DQS) and the socio emotional score (r=0.435; p=0.008). Group 3 showed moderate correlation between the DQP and the gross motor score (ρ=0.468; p=0.037) and strong correlation between developmental quotient for language (DQL) and the score of language (r=0.890; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The Brunet-Lézine scale showed strong correlation with the Bayley III scale regarding the language domain in Group 3, suggesting its validity to assess the language of children aged between 18 and 24 months.

OBJETIVO: Verificar a correlação entre as áreas avaliadas pela Escala Brunet-Lézine e pela Escala Bayley III no desenvolvimento de bebês pré-termo de risco até dois anos de idade. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídas no estudo 88 crianças, divididas em 3 grupos: Grupo 1 (1 mês a 5 meses e 29 dias de idade cronológica corrigida - ICC), com 32 crianças; Grupo 2 (6 meses a 11 meses e 29 dias de ICC), com 36 participantes; e Grupo 3 (18 meses a 23 meses e 23 dias de ICC), com 20 crianças. A validade concorrente entre a Escala Brunet-Lézine e a Escala Bayley III foi calculada por meio da correlação de Pearson ou de sua versão não paramétrica, a correlação de Spearman. RESULTADOS: No Grupo 1 houve correlação moderada entre o quociente de desenvolvimento da coordenação óculo-motriz (QDC) e o escore motor fino (ρ=0,448; p=0,01). No Grupo 2 foi encontrada correlação moderada entre o quociente de desenvolvimento da postura (QDP) e o escore motor grosseiro (ρ=0,484; p=0,003), entre o QDC e o escore motor fino (r=0,489; p=0,002) e entre o quociente de desenvolvimento de sociabilidade (QDS) e o escore socioemocional (r=0,435; p=0,008). No Grupo 3 foi observada correlação moderada entre o QDP e o escore motor grosseiro (ρ=0,468; p=0,037), e correlação forte entre o quociente de desenvolvimento da linguagem (QDL) e o escore da linguagem (r=0,890; p<0,001). CONCLUSÕES: A Escala Brunet-Lézine apresentou forte correlação com a Escala Bayley III quanto à linguagem no Grupo 3, o que sugere a sua validade para avaliar crianças entre 18 e 24 meses de idade nesse quesito.

Validade concorrente da escala brunet-lézine com a escala bayley para avaliação do desenvolvimento de bebês pré-termo até dois anos / Concurrent validity of the brunet-lézine scale with the bayley scale for assessment of the development of preterm infants up to two years

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a correlação entre as áreas avaliadas pela Escala Brunet-Lézine e pela Escala Bayley III no desenvolvimento de bebês pré-termo de risco até dois anos de idade. Métodos: Foram incluídas no estudo 88 crianças, divididas em 3 grupos: Grupo 1 (1 mês a 5 meses e 29 dias de idade cronológica corrigida - ICC), com 32 crianças; Grupo 2 (6 meses a 11 meses e 29 dias de ICC), com 36 participantes; e Grupo 3 (18 meses a 23 meses e 23 dias de ICC), com 20 crianças. A validade concorrente entre a Escala Brunet-Lézine e a Escala Bayley III foi calculada por meio da correlação de Pearson ou de sua versão não paramétrica, a correlação de Spearman. Resultados: No Grupo 1 houve correlação moderada entre o quociente de desenvolvimento da coordenação óculo-motriz (QDC) e o escore motor fino (ρ=0,448; p=0,01). No Grupo 2 foi encontrada correlação moderada entre o quociente de desenvolvimento da postura (QDP) e o escore motor grosseiro (ρ=0,484; p=0,003), entre o QDC e o escore motor fino (r=0,489; p=0,002) e entre o quociente de desenvolvimento de sociabilidade (QDS) e o escore socioemocional (r=0,435; p=0,008). No Grupo 3 foi observada correlação moderada entre o QDP e o escore motor grosseiro (ρ=0,468; p=0,037), e correlação forte entre o quociente de desenvolvimento da linguagem (QDL) e o escore da linguagem (r=0,890; p<0,001). Conclusões: A Escala Brunet-Lézine apresentou forte correlação com a Escala Bayley III quanto à linguagem no Grupo 3, o que sugere a sua validade para avaliar crianças entre 18 e 24 meses de idade nesse quesito.

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the correlation between the areas evaluated by the Brunet-Lézine and the Bayley III scales of preterm infants up to two years. Methods: The study included 88 children who were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 (1 month to 5 months and 29 days of corrected chronological ages - CCA) with 32 children; Group 2 (6 months to 11 months and 29 days of CCA) with 36 participants; and Group 3 (18 -23 months and 23 days of CCA) with 20 children. The concurrent validity of the Brunet-Lézine scale and the Bayley III scale was calculated using the Pearson correlation or its non-parametric version, the Spearman correlation. Results: Group 1 showed moderate correlation between the developmental quotient for hand-eye and fine motor coordination (DQE), and fine motor score (ρ=0.448; p=0.01). Group 2 had moderate correlation between the developmental quotient for posture and gross motor function (DQP), and the gross motor score (ρ=0.484; p=0.003, between the DQE and fine motor score (r=0.489; p=0.002), and between the developmental quotient for social reactions (DQS) and the socio emotional score (r=0.435; p=0.008). Group 3 showed moderate correlation between the DQP and the gross motor score (ρ=0.468; p=0.037) and strong correlation between developmental quotient for language (DQL) and the score of language (r=0.890; p<0.001). Conclusions: The Brunet-Lézine scale showed strong correlation with the Bayley III scale regarding the language domain in Group 3, suggesting its validity to assess the language of children aged between 18 and 24 months.